the archive · 169 events · 23 turning points
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- 1943A logical calculus of nervous activity
- 1945The stored-program computer
- 1948A mathematical theory of communication
- 1949Cells that fire together wire together
- 1950Programming a computer for playing chess
- 1950Computing machinery and intelligence
- 1951SNARC, the first neural network machine
- 1956The Dartmouth workshop names the field
- 1956Logic Theorist proves its first theorems
- 1958Lisp
- 1958The perceptron learns
- 1959Samuel's checkers program coins 'machine learning'
- 1960ADALINE and the least-mean-squares rule
- 1961Unimate, the first industrial robot
- 1963ARPA funds Project MAC
- 1965DENDRAL, the first expert system
- 1965Moore's law
- 1966ELIZA
- 1966Shakey, the first mobile robot that reasons
- 1966The ALPAC report ends machine translation funding
- 1967Nearest neighbour classification
- 1968HAL 9000
- 1969Perceptrons
- 1970Reverse-mode automatic differentiation
- 1971SHRDLU understands a world of blocks
- 1972Prolog
- 1973The Lighthill report
- 1974MYCIN diagnoses infections
- 1974Werbos applies backpropagation to neural networks
- 1975Genetic algorithms
- 1979AAAI is founded
- 1979The Stanford Cart crosses a room
- 1980XCON goes into production at DEC
- 1980The Neocognitron
- 1980Symbolics and the Lisp machine business
- 1982Self-organising maps
- 1982Japan launches the Fifth Generation project
- 1982The Hopfield network
- 1983DARPA's Strategic Computing Initiative
- 1984Cyc sets out to write down common sense
- 1984'AI winter' is named
- 1984The Terminator
- 1985The Boltzmann machine
- 1985The Connection Machine
- 1986ID3 and decision-tree learning
- 1986Backpropagation
- 1987The Lisp machine market collapses
- 1987NETtalk learns to read aloud
- 1987The first NIPS conference
- 1988Bayesian networks
- 1988Temporal-difference learning
- 1989ALVINN drives a van with a neural network
- 1989Q-learning
- 1989The universal approximation theorem
- 1989LeNet reads handwritten postcodes
- 1990Finding structure in time
- 1990Boosting: weak learners made strong
- 1991The vanishing gradient problem
- 1991The first Loebner Prize
- 1992TD-Gammon reaches world-class backgammon
- 1992The Fifth Generation project ends
- 1994Chinook becomes checkers champion
- 1995Support-vector machines
- 1997Deep Blue beats Kasparov
- 1997Long short-term memory
- 1998PageRank and the anatomy of Google
- 1998MNIST and LeNet-5
- 1999The first GPU
- 2000ASIMO walks
- 2001Wikipedia launches
- 2001Random forests
- 2002Roomba
- 2003A neural probabilistic language model
- 2004MapReduce
- 2005Stanley wins the DARPA Grand Challenge
- 2006Deep belief networks and the word 'deep'
- 2006The Netflix Prize
- 2007CUDA
- 2007Checkers is solved
- 2009Deep learning moves to GPUs
- 2009ImageNet
- 2010Rectified linear units
- 2010DeepMind is founded
- 2011Watson wins Jeopardy!
- 2011Siri ships on the iPhone
- 2012Google Brain's network discovers cats
- 2012Dropout
- 2012AlexNet wins ImageNet
- 2013Word2vec
- 2013Deep Q-networks play Atari
- 2014Google buys DeepMind
- 2014Generative adversarial networks
- 2014Superintelligence
- 2014Attention
- 2014Sequence to sequence learning
- 2014Adam
- 2015Batch normalisation
- 2015Diffusion models
- 2015TensorFlow is open-sourced
- 2015Residual networks
- 2015OpenAI is founded
- 2016AlphaGo beats Lee Sedol
- 2016Tay
- 2016Google reveals the TPU
- 2016WaveNet
- 2016Google Translate goes neural
- 2017The Asilomar AI Principles
- 2017Attention is all you need
- 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences
- 2017AlphaGo Zero learns from nothing
- 2018GPT: generative pre-training
- 2018BERT
- 2018AlphaFold enters the protein-folding contest
- 2019GPT-2 and the model too dangerous to release
- 2019The bitter lesson
- 2019The Turing Award goes to deep learning
- 2020Scaling laws for neural language models
- 2020GPT-3
- 2020Denoising diffusion probabilistic models
- 2020Learning to summarise from human feedback
- 2020An image is worth 16×16 words
- 2020AlphaFold 2 solves protein structure prediction
- 2021CLIP and DALL·E
- 2021On the dangers of stochastic parrots
- 2021Anthropic is founded
- 2021GitHub Copilot writes code
- 2022InstructGPT
- 2022Chain-of-thought prompting
- 2022Chinchilla: the models were undertrained
- 2022PaLM
- 2022DALL·E 2
- 2022Midjourney opens its beta
- 2022Stable Diffusion is released
- 2022Galactica lasts three days
- 2022ChatGPT
- 2023Bing's chatbot and 'Sydney'
- 2023LLaMA leaks and open weights take off
- 2023Claude
- 2023GPT-4
- 2023'Pause Giant AI Experiments'
- 2023Hinton leaves Google to warn about AI
- 2023The US executive order on AI
- 2023The Bletchley Declaration
- 2023OpenAI fires and rehires its chief executive
- 2023Gemini
- 2024Sora
- 2024Claude 3 catches GPT-4
- 2024AlphaFold 3
- 2024GPT-4o talks
- 2024The EU AI Act enters into force
- 2024o1 and reasoning models
- 2024The Nobel Prizes go to neural networks
- 2024Claude learns to use a computer
- 2024The Model Context Protocol
- 2024DeepSeek-V3 trained for $5.6 million
- 2025DeepSeek-R1
- 2025Claude 4 and Claude Code
- 2025Nvidia is worth four trillion dollars
- 2025Gold at the Mathematical Olympiad
- 2025America's AI Action Plan
- 2025GPT-5
- 2025Gemini 3
- 2025MCP is donated to the Agentic AI Foundation
- 2026Claude Fable 5 and the Mythos class
- 2026GPT-5.6: Sol, Terra and Luna
- 2026A model escapes its sandbox
- 2026The EU delays its high-risk AI rules
- 2026Claude Fable 5.1
- 2026GPT-6 Astra